Why do we witness the solar and lunar eclipses?
Here is a story from the Kampa Ramayana and the Bhagavata Ashtama Skandha that explains the reason behind the eclipses.
Illustration and animation: Sanjhiya Mayekar
Archives: mythology
How much do you know about the sons of Rama? Keep reading for a quick recap.
After returning from exile, Rama, along with his brothers Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna, used to visit their subjects and listen to their problems. Together they solved the problems of the people and made sure they were safe and content. One day, one of Rama’s men reported that he had overheard a launderer kicking his wife out of the house because, unlike Rama, he could not accept a wife when she lived in another house. On hearing this news, Rama started to debate with himself on whether or not to exile his pregnant wife, Sita, from the kingdom. In the end, he concluded that it was his duty towards his people to set the right example as their king, and decided to send Sita away.
The next morning, Rama sent his brother, Lakshmana, to leave her in the jungle. In a perplexed state of mind, Lakshmana obeyed his brother’s orders, even if he did not wish to leave Sita all alone in such a thick, frightening jungle. Sita was all alone in the jungle when she encountered a snake and called for help. Hearing her cry, Maharshi Valmiki found her and told her that the serpent was from his hermitage that was nearby. He then gave her shelter in his hermitage and that’s where Sita gave birth to twin sons, Luv and Kush.
Luv and Kush grew up in Maharshi Valmiki’s hermitage, with the Maharshi as their guru. He taught them everything – from the use of arms to the morals and values that they should abide by; he even taught them rituals and prayers. He also told them the story of the Ramayana, about how the Ayodhya prince Rama and his wife, Vaidehi, stayed together through thick and thin in the fourteen years of exile and how Vaidehi was kidnapped by Ravana, leading to war between their forces. When Maharshi told them that Rama exiled Vaidehi from the kingdom because of what the launderer had said, the boys were shocked at Rama’s cruelty. They thought about what may have happened to Vaidehi and wondered if they would ever meet her. Little did they know that Vaidehi was actually their mother Sita.
At the same time, in Rama’s kingdom, the Ashwamedha yajna was going to be performed. Rulers from all over the world along with their armies came to witness it. However, this ritual could not be performed by Rama without Sita being by his side. At this point, Rama actually thought about bringing Sita back to the kingdom but he could not disappoint his people. Thus, for this ritual, it was decided a golden statue of Sita would be used. A magnificent white horse with black ears was ready for the ritual. As a part of the ritual, Sage Vishwamitra tied the ceremonial gold leaf on the horse’s forehead, and then it was let loose while the army followed it.
After galloping unopposed through many kingdoms, the horse was spotted by Luv and Kush. Not thinking twice, the brothers stopped the horse and then realised they will now have to defend themselves from the army following it. Unaware that the horse belonged to their father, the boys agreed to fight. In the first attempt, the boys fought with their uncle, Lakshmana. Kush shot an arrow and took down Lakshmana’s crown. Lakshmana retaliated by wounding Kush. Enraged, Luv avenged his brother’s injury by defeating his uncle. Hanuman then took up the task of defeating the boys along with his army of vanaras. However, even his strength was no match to the bravery of the boys. The task of defeating them fell to Rama himself. However, when Rama met them, he was taken aback by their young age and asked them about their parents. They told him that they have never met their father but their mother is Sita. Hearing this, Rama fell unconscious, and in the interim, Luv and Kush defeated his army. They left Rama unconscious, took his crown, and headed home.
On seeing the crown, Sita immediately recognised it as Rama’s. Luv and Kush took Sage Valmiki and Sita to Rama. They realized that Rama was their father and Vaidehi, the queen of Ayodhya, was none other than their mother Sita. When Valmiki advised Rama to take Sita back, he was still hesitant, worried about what his subjects might think. Sita couldn’t take any more humiliation. She prayed to Mother Earth who had given her birth to take her back in her embrace as a sign of her virtue. Perhaps her mother couldn’t let her be humiliated any further, as the earth split apart, swallowing Sita. It was thus that Luv and Kush were reunited with their father Rama, but at the cost of saying goodbye to their mother forever.
Read the entire story in Amar Chitra Katha’s The Sons of Rama, now available on the ACK Comics app as well as on all major e-tailer platforms.
By Sanjana Kapur and Aparna Kapur
The gods in Indian mythology have vahanas or vehicles on which they ride. These vahanas are their constant companions. They represent the strength and beauty of the deity, and at times, symbolise various human traits, including those that are negative. The negative traits are those that the gods are said to overpower.
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Among the gods and their companions, the more famous combinations are Vishnu and Garuda, Shiva and Nandi, Brahma and Hamsa, Indra and Airavata, and Ganesha and Moushika. Here is a list of some of the lesser-known vahanas of various divinities.
- Vayu, the wind god, is depicted riding a deer.
- Bhairava has a dog as his mount.
- Varuna’s vahana, Jaladhi, was born from Rudra’s earwax and has the divine power of movement.
- Agni, the fire god, rides a ram.
- Kaalratri, a form of Kali, rides a donkey.
- Kama and his wife, Rati, have the parrot as their vahana. Rati is sometimes shown riding a pigeon.
- The god of wealth Kubera’s vahana is a man.
- With a pot of water in her hand, Yamuna is depicted riding a tortoise.
- Saraswati rides a swan. It is said that she rode an elephant to Shiva and Parvati’s wedding ride.
- The Ashwini Kumaras are said to ride horses, although the Rig Veda also mentions the donkey as their vehicle.
- Durga travels on a fierce tiger.
- Ganga is said to ride Makara, a creature with the body of a crocodile and the trunk of an elephant.
- Shani rides a crow. This is why it is believed feeding crows is a way to please Shani.
- Surya rides a chariot drawn by seven white horses.
- Lakshmi rides an owl. Sometimes, she also rides an elephant.
- Paundraka, the black buffalo that Yama is said to ride, was born from Rudra’s thigh.
- Goddess Shashthi, the protector and benefactor of children, is often symbolized riding a cat.
Read fascinating stories of various celestial creatures in our title ‘Divine Beings‘ on the ACK Comics app and Kindle, as well as all major e-tailers.
According to the Bhagavata Purana, thousands of years ago, there lived a king named Vena. He was a greedy king who exploited the earth till it could take no more, terrifying the earth goddess, Bhoomi. When he died, his son Prithu took over the reins of the kingdom.
As Prithu ascended the throne, Bhoomi was afraid that Prithu would exploit her too, just like his wicked father had done. Scared, she took the form of a cow and ran away. Soon the land turned barren. There were no proper vegetation, crops dried up, and soon there was a famine in the land. People went hungry and there was havoc on earth. The people came complaining to Prithu.
Prithu had no choice but to go searching of Bhoomi. When he finally found her, he requested her to bless the earth. However, Bhoomi refused and escaped again. Prithu gave chase, ultimately threatening to kill her if she didn’t hear what he had to say. Fearing for her life, Bhoomi stopped. After thinking about the king’s request, the goddess agreed to grant the king’s wish on one condition. She expected all living beings to treat her with respect. Prithu gave his word and promised to protect her.
This marked a new birth for Bhoomi, and she came to be known as Prithu’s daughter, Prithvi.
Read more stories of divine Hindu goddesses in Amar Chitra Katha’s Shakti, now available on the ACK Comics app and Kindle, as well as all major e-tailers.
By Niranjana Sivaram
The mastermind behind the infamous game of dice in the Mahabharata was Shakuni, the maternal uncle of the Kauravas. He had a pair of magical dice which led to the Pandavas losing their kingdom and all their wealth. There is a story about how Shakuni came to possess his pair of magical dice.
Shakuni was the youngest son of the king of Gandhar. Once, Bhishma laid siege to the kingdom of Gandhar and imprisoned the king and the princes. As per some oral traditions of India and Indonesia, he also forced the princess Gandhari to marry Dhritarashtra, the blind Kuru prince.
In prison, the Gandhar king and his sons were fed only one morsel of food every day. Realising that they would all die soon, the king came up with a plan. He told the others to give their food to Shakuni, the youngest prince, so he could outlive them and take revenge on the Kuru family. Eventually, when the king died, Shakuni used his bones to make a pair of dice. The dice were magical and obeyed Shakuni’s command. They only showed the numbers that he wanted.
Eventually, Shakuni was able to use these dice to exact his revenge on the Kuru family, setting in motion the events that led to the greatest battle in history, the Mahabharata!
Read lesser know stories from different versions of the great epics in our title ‘Rama’s Ring‘ on the ACK Comics app. Also available on Amazon, Flipkart, and other major e-tailers.
By Sandeep Mishra
Vali and Sugriva were the progenies of Lord Indra and Lord Surya. They were the children of Riksharaja, a monkey born from Lord Brahma’s tilaka, who was instructed to roam the forests and kill demons. One day, Riksharaja entered an enchanted pond and was transformed into a beautiful lady, attracting the attention of both Lord Indra and Lord Surya. Soon after, they each sired Vali and Sugriva respectively. The two powerful brothers were asked by Lord Brahma to live in the Kishkindha mountains.
The Curse of Sage Matanga
A demon called Dundubhi had been terrorising the gods of the seas and the mountains. After vanquishing them, he started looking for someone who would match him in strength and valour. The god of the mountains told him about Vali, the monkey king of Kishkindha, who was not only a powerful ruler but also a skilled warrior in his own right. And so the demon sent out a challenge to Vali, with a fierce battle following. This battle resulted in the death of the demon, and his blood flowed freely, including through the hermitage of the sage Matanga at Mount Rishyamuka. The sage was very angry when he saw that the demon’s blood had destroyed the trees he had tenderly nurtured, and through his divine powers, he saw that Vali was the one responsible. Filled with rage, he cursed the monkey king that if he ever set foot on Mount Rishyamuka, he would die. This led to Vali being permanently exiled from Mount Rishyamuka.
Meanwhile, Mayavi, the son of Dundubhi, challenged Vali in a bid to avenge his father’s death. However, Mayavi was no match for Vali and his army, and sensing his impending defeat, he ran and hid in a cave. Vali and Sugriva followed him to the mouth of the cave, where Vali instructed Sugriva to wait for him outside. Sugriva waited for his brother’s return for over a year. A year later, a stream of blood flowed out the cave and, hearing no sound of his brother, Sugriva assumed his brother was dead. With a heavy heart, he closed the entrance of the cave with a huge stone to prevent Mayavi from escaping and returned home.
Vali Returns
With his brother gone, the throne now lay vacant. After a lot of persuasion from his ministers, Sugriva hesitantly took over the kingdom. However, little did Sugriva know that the stream of blood that he saw earlier was actually Mayavi’s and not Vali’s. Vali was furious, seeing the rock blocking the entrance to the cave, and thought that his brother Sugriva had betrayed him. Vali managed to escape and made his way back to the kingdom, banishing Sugriva and enslaving his wife, Ruma.
Sugriva sought refuge in the mountains of Rishyamuka, where he knew Vali would never dare to step foot. One day, Hanuman, who had accompanied Sugriva, met Rama and Lakshmana, and brought the Ayodhya princes back to Sugriva. Hearing Sugriva’s plight, Lord Rama decides to help him win his kingdom back, in return of Sugriva’s aid in his quest for Sita.
Vali’s Demise
Sugriva knew there was no way he would be able to overpower his brother in a one-on-one confrontation. However, with Rama by his side, he felt more confident of his chances. Rama asked Sugriva to challenge Vali to a duel. However, during the fight, Rama was not able to differentiate between the two, leading to Sugriva’s defeat. Rama asked Sugriva to call for a rematch, to which Vali readily agreed. However this time, on Rama’s instructions, Sugriva wore a garland to the match. Now easily able to tell the two brothers apart, Rama shot an arrow at Vali mid-battle, piercing his heart and killing him. In his dying moments, Vali realised the sin he had committed and asked for Sugriva’s forgiveness. He then entrusted his son, Angad and his wife, Tara, to Sugriva’s care, passing away peacefully. Thus, Sugriva once again became the king of Kishkindha, ruling with utmost sincerity, and in time, sending his army to help Rama take on Raavana.
Read the complete Ramayana collection on the ACK Comics app or Kindle. It is also available on Amazon, Flipkart, and other major e-tailers.
Motherhood is one of the most influential rites of passage a woman can experience in her life. The bond between a mother and her own flesh and blood is something that is near divine. Having said that, for a woman to be able to feel the same way about a child that is not biologically hers is truly a blessing, especially when she has offspring of her own. There are numerous instances in the epics where we see mother figures who adopt other children as their own, and raise them alongside their own kids, seeing no difference between them. Here are some examples.
Kunti
Kunti is one of the most resilient characters in the Mahabharata, who faces numerous setbacks in her life. She is forced to face the bitter truth that her husband loves his second wife more than her. She then is forced to endure the loss of her husband, the treachery of her in-laws, the abandonment of her eldest son Karna, and much more. When Madri sacrifices herself following the death of Pandu, Kunti is left to care for Madri’s sons, Nakula and Sahadeva. Yet Kunti raises them alongside her three sons, Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna with no discrimination, raising them to be just, mighty, and brave warriors.
Radha
When Kunti left Karna in the river, Adhiratha, the chief charioteer of King Pandu, brought him home. Radha (not to be confused with Krishna’s consort, Radha) lovingly embraces Karna as her own. She raises Karna to be just and loyal. Karna’s love for his mother grows even stronger when Krishna reveals to him the harsh truth of his birth. Karna is also known as Radheya, meaning Radha’s son.
Yashoda
Afraid of his brother-in-law Kamsa’s intentions to kill his son, Vasudeva swaps the baby Krishna with his cousin Nanda’s daughter, Yogmaya. Nanda was the head of the Gopas tribe of Yadava cowherds in Gokul. Nanda’s wife, Yashoda, who wasn’t aware of the swap, lovingly raises Krishna as her own son. His mischievous antics always kept Yashoda on her toes. Believing the little one to be innocent, she protected him from all the girls who blamed him for troubling them every day. But Yashoda was a strict mother too. She would punish Krishna whenever she would catch him red-handed. Despite later realizing that Devaki was Krishna’s biological mother, she continued to love him immensely, with Krishna reciprocating that love in full measure.
The palasha herb is very significant in Ayurveda, with many medicinal properties. In fact, it was considered very auspicious in ancient times, with a palasha twig being a part of the gurudakshina that a potential student would give to their teacher. There’s a very interesting story around its origins.
One day, Indra, the king of the gods, felt very thirsty. The gods of his court asked the goddess Gayatri to go to the celestial mountain Mujavana, where the Soma creeper grew. She was told to bring this back for Indra, so he could have an uninterrupted supply of Soma.
Gayatri took the form of an eagle and flew to the mountain. The mountain was fiercely guarded by the sentries of the Moon. She swooped down and seized the creeper in her beak before the startled sentries could do anything. With her prize secure, she flew away, screeching triumphantly.
However, one of the sentries, Krishanu, did manage to let fly an arrow at the bird. The arrow missed Gayatri but struck the vine in her beak, causing one of the leaves to fall off. This leaf fell to the earth and grew into the Palasha tree.
It’s believed that the ancient forest of Naimisharanya, in present-day Uttar Pradesh, was once the home of 88,000 rishis. They meditated together here, making it one of the holiest places in India.
The Chakratirtha in Naimisharanya is a circular pond filled with clear water. According to legend, an imminent Kaliyug made the rishis seek refuge in Brahma. Brahma let his chakra or wheel roll across the Earth and told the rishis to settle down at the place where it stopped. The wheel came to a halt at Chakratirtha, where water gushed out of the ground in full force. On Brahma’s request, goddess Lalita Devi stopped the chakra and controlled the flow. This water formed a sacred pond.
Today, holy spots like the Dashashwamedha Ghat, Hanuman Garhi, Dadichi Kund, Pandav Kila, and Vyas Gaddi dot the Chakratirtha in Naimisharanya.
The word ‘Vaijayanta’ has multiple references in the Puranas. Here are some of them.
- Vaijayanta was the capital city of the asura king, Sambara, who fought a legendary battle against Rama’s father, Dasharatha.
- The name of Indra’s flag is Vaijayanta, which means ‘the bestower of victory’.
- Vaijayanta is the name of the mountain that stands in the middle of the ocean of milk. Brahma comes here every day to meditate.
