Archives: history

India’s freedom struggle came at the cost of many sacrifices and bloodshed by its people. There are numerous stories of freedom fighters who marched against British rule through various movements. The outcome of many of these movements was jail time for many of our activists for long periods. Here are a few prisons that our leaders spend time in during this tumultuous chapter in Indian history.

Aga Khan Palace

In 1892, Sultan Muhammed Shah, Aga Khan III built the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. The story goes that when the neighbouring villages were hit by a severe famine, the Sultan ordered the construction of this palace to provide employment to the villagers.

During the time of the freedom struggle, this palace was converted into a prison, which saw many luminaries jailed here for a bit. During the Quit India Movement, Kasturba and Mahatma Gandhi were detained within these walls, with Kasturba falling seriously ill and breathing her last here. Today, there exists a memorial dedicated to her for her role in the freedom struggle and especially for encouraging women.

In 2003, the Archeological Survey of India declared the Aga Khan Palace a monument of national importance.

Mandalay Prison

 

Popular freedom fighters were imprisoned in the Mandalay prison, Myanmar, to keep them away from the mainland as the British were afraid of their influence on the public. Subhas Chandra Bose was also transferred to the Mandalay prison from Calcutta (now Kolkata), where he contracted tuberculosis. The inhuman living conditions of the prison cell only added to the deterioration of his health. When the news of his illness got out, Calcutta rose in one voice demanding his release. Under pressure, the British government decided to grant him a conditional release according to which he would have had to go to Europe. Bose refused to accept such an order and said he would rather stay in prison. Finally, he was granted an unconditional release from the prison.

Viper Chain Gang Jail

The Andaman Islands were known for prison sites where freedom fighters who fought against the British were deported. One such site was Viper Island. The soldiers who were imprisoned by the British after the revolt of 1857 were sent here. In 1867, a jail was built to house more prisoners. They were made to work through day and night, tied up together in chains. This led to the prison being called the ‘Viper Chain Gang Jail’.

Famous prisoners here included the Maharaja of Puri, Brij Kishore Singh Deo, who died during his internment, as well as freedom fighter, Sher Ali Afridi, who had assassinated the then Viceroy of India, Lord Mayo. He was hanged to death here in 1873.

In 1906, the prison was abandoned when the infamous Cellular Jail or Kala Paani was built and all the prisoners were moved there

Sabarmati Central Jail

The Sabarmati Central Jail has been a working prison for the past 114 years. It was built by the British between 1891 and 1894 in present-day Ahmedabad.

On March 7, 1930, a day before Mahatma Gandhi began his Dandi march, Sardar Patel was arrested by the British and imprisoned here. Patel was in the village of Ras in Gujarat to address a gathering when a British official tried to stop him. He opposed the official and was sent to jail for doing so. The British thought that his arrest would dissuade Gandhi from launching the march but it did not. The area where Sardar Patel stayed in the prison is today called the Sardar Yard.

Ahmednagar Fort

The city of Ahmednagar was the capital of the Nizam Shahi Sultanate for over a century and is said to have been more splendid than Cairo and Baghdad! The Ahmednagar Fort was built in the 15th century by Malik Ahmed Nizam Shah I. After the siege of Ahmednagar in 1803, the British were able to wrest control of the fort from the Marathas. During the uprising in 1857, Ahmednagar witnessed 7000 Bhils rebelling against the British. Over time, they were ruthlessly crushed. As the freedom struggle grew more powerful, the Ahmednagar fort was used by the British to imprison freedom fighters. It was here that Jawaharlal Nehru penned his famous historical work ‘Discovery of India’ in 1944. One of the rooms in the fort is dedicated to Nehru and contains some of the objects preserved from his time

The Central Jail of Mianwali

Another prison of historical importance is the Central Jail of Mianwali. Bhagat Singh and his comrades were imprisoned here after they were convicted for the attack on the Delhi Assembly in 1929. There, he noticed that the Indian and British prisoners were treated unequally, and went on a hunger strike along with his fellow Indian inmates to protest this injustice. They demanded equal rights and access to basic amenities, striking for 116 days despite the many efforts of the British to end it. Today, 115 years later, the Central Jail of Mianwali continues to function as a prison.

Hijli Detention Camp

When IIT Kharagpur opened in 1950, it stood on what was once a detention camp set up by the British to detain freedom fighters and revolutionaries. The Hijli Detention Camp, as it was called, was set up in 1930. In 1931, a couple of guards opened fire on the detainees and two freedom fighters, Santosh Kumar Mitra and Tarakeswar Sengupta, were shot dead. Their executions were condemned by several people, including Rabindranath Tagore and Subhas Chandra Bose, the latter who personally went to collect their bodies from the detention camp. The tragedy shook Bose and it is said this pushed him to leave for Japan soon after to form the Indian National Army. The camp was officially closed for good in 1942. Today, it stands as Shaheed Bhavan, a testament to the grit and resolve of our countrymen.

Yerwada Central Jail

The largest prison in Maharashtra, the Yerwada Central Jail was built in 1871 by the British on the outskirts of Pune city. Built in an oval shape, the high-security block inside has prison cells known as ‘anda cells’, anda meaning egg. The criminals who are considered dangerous and require strict monitoring are imprisoned here

During the freedom struggle, many significant freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were incarcerated in the Yerwada Central Jail. When Gandhi started a new satyagraha after the Second Round Table Conference in 1931, he was arrested and imprisoned here. This prison is also where he signed the Poona Pact along with Dr B. R. Ambedkar in 1932.  

Kaala Pani

Andaman and Nicobar’s Cellular Jail, infamously known as Kaala Pani, was one of the most dreaded prisons in existence during the years of the freedom struggle. It took the British ten years to build it at Port Blair. Convicts who were sentenced to solitary confinement were incarcerated here. The only access they had to the outside world was one letter that they were allowed to write and mail every year! Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Batukeshwar Dutt were sentenced to life imprisonment for Central Assembly Bomb Case to the Cellular Jail. 

Read the stories of the forgotten heroes of India’s freedom struggle in various Amar Chitra Katha titles on ACK Comics app, also available on Amazon, Flipkart, and other major e-tailers. 

By Nitya Menon

“This is the mantra, ‘Do or Die’, that I give you. You imprint it on your heart and let every breath of yours give an expression to it.” – Mahatma Gandhi

On August 8th, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement (also known as the August movement) in Bombay. This movement was a strong and vehement appeal made by the Congress to the British to leave India once and for all. The Indians demanded what they called ‘an orderly British withdrawal’ from India. Here are eight interesting facts about the Quit India Movement that will give you a better insight into India’s freedom struggle:

1. The Beginning

The people involved in the Quit India Movement gathered at Mumbai’s Gowalia Tank Maidan during the All India Congress Committee session. This was the place where Mahatma Gandhi delivered his first speech that awakened a fierce spirit and desire for freedom among Indians, marking the beginning of the movement. The maidan also houses a monument as a tribute to this historical event. 

2. The Cripps Mission

This movement was started after the Cripps Mission failed in India. Headed by a senior British minister called Sir Stafford Cripps, this mission was an attempt by the British to secure support and cooperation from India for efforts in World War II. This mission failed for three main reasons:

– It faced Gandhi’s strong opposition which led to the Indian National Congress to reject the offer
– Cripps’ modification of the offer to include self-government had no real transfer of power
– There was an active effort by the Viceroy and Secretary of State for India to sabotage the mission.

3. “Do or Die!”

It is believed that within hours of Gandhiji’s historic ‘Do or Die’ speech, almost the entire INC was imprisoned without trial. Several national leaders such as Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Mahatma Gandhi himself were arrested. Little did they know that their merciless imprisonment would become the catalyst in eventually securing India’s freedom. 

4. Congress Suspended

The British response to the movement was to declare the Indian National Congress an unlawful association. Everyone involved was arrested, offices were raided, and funds were frozen. In fact, more than 10,000 people were arrested for conducting peaceful protests across the country. The then viceroy and Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, adopted a policy of brutal violence to stem the movement. However, this backfired on the British as it only garnered more sympathy among the general population towards the movement.

5. Indian Tricolour Hoisted

Despite several police warnings and government bans, Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remaining AICC session, and on August 9, in the presence of a large crowd at the Gowalia Tank Maidan, she proudly hoisted the Indian tricolour. She was immensely influenced by the thoughts and ideals of Mahatma Gandhi, and was honoured with the Bharat Ratna Award in 1997. 

6. Underground News

Few of the younger leaders took upon the duty to broadcast news through an underground station, dubbed the Congress Radio. Organised by Dr. Usha Mehta, the operators had to keep moving and shifting their broadcasting equipment to avoid being captured by the British. On August 14th, 1942, a week after the Quit India Movement was launched, the radio went live with the following announcement announced by Dr. Usha Mehta herself: 

“This is the Congress Radio calling on (a wavelength of) 42.34 meters from somewhere in India.”

7. Young Students Martyred

On August 8th, 1942, a group of seven young students tried to hoist the Indian flag on the Patna Collectorate building to show their affiliation to the freedom struggle. What began as a patriotic gesture ended in tragedy, when, without an iota of hesitation, they were shot dead by the police. There is a memorial in their memory on the Collectorate premises in Patna. It’s known as the Shaheed Smarak, meaning Martyr’s Memorial.

8. A New India Shines

As we all know, the British had been refusing to give India its independence for the fear of loss of power and dominance over colonies in Asia. However, after the Quit India Movement, the British government realised that they could no longer keep Indians under their control. India’s walk down the long road to freedom had entered its final chapter. After the conclusion of World War II in 1945, India gained freedom on August 15th, 1947. 

Amar Chitra Katha’s vast collection of freedom fighter biographies is now available on the ACK Comics app, as well as on major e-tailers.