When we think of the Guru-Shishya Parampara, our minds usually paint a very specific picture: a wise sage with a long white beard, sitting under a massive banyan tree, while students sit in a neat circle memorising verses. But that is only one small chapter of a much grander story. 

In ancient and medieval India, education was never a one-size-fits-all product. Because different fields required completely different mindsets, India developed entirely unique models of mentorship. From top-secret warrior guilds to mathematical vocal codes and tactile artisan workshops, the way wisdom was passed down depended entirely on what was being taught. 

This Guru Purnima, let us explore the five fascinating ‘clans’ of master-disciple lineages that shaped our history, culture, and science.

1. The Music Families (Gharanas)

Imagine an education system where you do not just attend a class—you legally and spiritually join your teacher’s family. This is the foundation of India’s performing arts lineages, famously known as the Gharana system (from the word ghar, meaning home). 

In classical music and dance, knowledge was not written down on sheet music. It had to be caught live from the teacher’s breath, posture, and voice. To protect their unique musical styles, masters formed distinct ‘houses’ or Gharanas (such as the Gwalior or Maihar gharanas). Each house has its own secret techniques and signature musical phrases that make them instantly recognisable on stage. 

To seal this lifelong bond of artistic loyalty, a formal thread-tying ceremony called Ganda Bandhan is performed. The relationship was so intense that masters historically prioritised their top disciples over their own biological children to ensure that the purity of their art survived.

2. The Human Audio Recorders (Vedic Lineages)

Long before digital hard drives were invented, how did India ensure that thousands of pages of complex Vedic texts survived for millennia without a single word changing? They turned the human voice into a hyper-precise operating system. 

In these Vedic lineages, the exact pitch, accent, and vibration of every single syllable matters. To prevent human error, these lineages invented intricate mathematical recitation codes called Pathas. 

Instead of just reading a line straight, students learn it in complex geometric patterns. In Jata-patha, words are recited forward and backward in pairs (1-2, 2-1, 1-2). In the incredibly complex Ghana-patha, the pattern becomes a more dense matrix. If a student alters even a fraction of a tone, the pattern collapses. This rigorous vocal encryption created the longest-running, unbroken audio recording in human history.

3. The Art and Craft Guilds (Shilpa Lineages)

What if your school textbook wasn’t made of paper, but of raw clay, molten metal, or solid granite? This is the world of India’s traditional craft communities, guided for centuries by the Shilpa Shastras (ancient manuals of engineering and design) and organized into powerful Shrenis (artisan guilds). 

Whether it is the metal-casters of Bastar or the idol-carvers of Mahabalipuram, knowledge transfer here is built entirely on tactile intelligence—the wisdom stored directly in the muscles and the fingertips. 

In a traditional workshop, a master craftsman (Sthapati) rarely gives formal lectures. A young apprentice begins by simply doing chores—sweeping stone dust, mixing clay, or stoking the furnace. For the first few years, they simply absorb the rhythm of the work through their eyes, ears, and hands before ever touching a master tool. 

These communities also developed localised measurement systems based on the proportions of the human body, such as Tala (the length of a palm) or Angula (the width of a finger). A student learns to judge flawless geometric proportions purely by touch, sight, and intuition.

4. The Warrior Brotherhoods (Martial Akharas)

When the knowledge being passed down determines whether you live or die on a battlefield, the master-disciple dynamic shifts from peaceful contemplation to high-stakes survival. This is the world of the Akharas and martial lineages like Kalaripayattu in Kerala. 

Here, the Guru (often called the Gurukkal or Aashaan) builds an absolute brotherhood. The disciples live, train, cook, and heal together. Imagine training with live, razor-sharp swords swinging inches from your face—you have to trust your teacher and your peers with your life. 

In martial lineages, physical training is actually the easy part. The real test is temperament. A martial Guru will deliberately withhold advanced, lethal combat techniques until they are absolutely certain of the student’s emotional maturity. The ultimate goal is not to create a weapon, but a protector who possesses the restraint to never strike out of anger.

5. The Silent Teachers (Spiritual Lineages)

Our modern world believes that learning requires talking, reading, and taking notes. But India’s spiritual and esoteric traditions feature a lineage that completely turns this idea upside down: transmission through absolute silence. 

In the Shaktipat tradition, deep wisdom is not treated as information to be studied, but as a state of consciousness to be ignited. Think of it like using a lit candle to light an unlit one. The flame is passed over instantly, without changing the original light. 

The Guru passes their spiritual realisation directly to the disciple. This can happen through a sacred spoken word (Vachik), a physical touch (Sparsha), or in its rarest form, a direct, silent gaze (Drishti). It suggests that the highest form of teaching is not about filling an empty bucket with facts, but waking up a dormant energy that was inside the student all along. 

The Takeaway for Today 

Whether it is the discipline of the martial Akhara, the mathematical precision of the Vedic chant, the deep emotional bond of the Gharana, the tactile wisdom of the artisan guild, or the quiet focus of the silent lineages, the Guru-Shishya Parampara was never static. It was an incredibly fluid, adaptive network designed to keep the soul of a civilisation alive. 

In a digital age where we are drowning in information, these five lineages remind us of a timeless truth: true mastery has always required human connection. 

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As the first monsoon rains sweep across Goa, its landscape undergoes a dramatic transformation. Dry fields turn a lush green, rivers swell, and the scent of wet earth fills the air. It is against this vibrant backdrop that Goa celebrates São João, one of its most distinctive and high-spirited festivals. Observed annually on June 24, this celebration was introduced during the Portuguese era and has since evolved into a beautiful blend of Catholic tradition, local folklore, and a deep reverence for nature. 

Honouring Saint John the Baptist 

Dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the festival’s core theme is joy. According to Christian tradition, John leapt with happiness in his mother’s womb upon learning of the upcoming birth of Jesus Christ. This spirit of profound gladness defines the modern festivities. The day begins with morning church services and prayers, which quickly transition into lively village processions filled with music, singing, and traditional Konkani chants. 

The Monsoon Connection 

Sao Joao is deeply intertwined with the agricultural calendar, occurring at a time when the monsoon is essential for replenishing water sources and preparing the land for cultivation. For generations, Goans have welcomed these rains as a symbol of renewal, prosperity, and abundance. Consequently, the festival serves a dual purpose: it is both a solemn religious observance and a secular celebration of the seasonal rains that sustain the region’s farms and communities. 

The Colourful Kopel 

One of the most recognisable symbols of the festival is the kopel—a beautiful crown, intricately woven from fresh flowers, leaves, and seasonal fruits. Participants wear these vibrant headpieces throughout the day, transforming streets and villages into a sea of colour. Crafted from locally available plants, the kopel serves as a wearable tribute to the earth’s fertility and the raw beauty of the Goan monsoon. 

A Leap into Tradition 

The most famous custom of São João is the exhilarating practice of jumping into wells, ponds, and streams. Revelers move through the villages in groups, accompanied by the beats of the ghumot (a traditional earthen drum) and cymbals. As they leap into the water to symbolize the joy of Saint John, the air fills with the thunderous, collective chant of “São João! Viva São João!” (“Long live Saint John!”) Historically, this splashing act also celebrated the replenishment of vital drinking water sources after the scorching summer months. Today, this tradition is further enlivened by floating pageants of decorated boats, pool parties, and lakeside cultural programmes. 

São João Today 

While rooted in Christian history, São João transcends religious boundaries to unite people of all backgrounds across Goa. It brings together families, friends, and neighbours in a shared expression of local pride. Through its infectious music, unique water rituals, and striking floral crowns, Sao Joao remains a timeless tribute to Goa’s rich cultural heritage and its enduring bond with the monsoon season. 

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On Buddha Purnima, we celebrate the three most significant events in the life of Gautama Buddha: his birth, enlightenment (Nirvana) and passing (Parinirvana or complete enlightenment). His journey toward truth did not begin in a single lifetime. It is chronicled through the Jataka Tales, a vast collection of over 500 stories detailing the Buddha’s previous births. 

In these stories, the Buddha is not always a prince or a teacher. Often, he is an animal — a deer, a monkey, an elephant, or even a bird — learning important lessons that shape his path towards enlightenment. These tales quietly remind us that humans are only one part of a much larger living world. 

Ancient Roots and Art 

Composed as early as the 4th century BCE and preserved in the Pali Canon, these stories emerged from a rich tradition of Indian folklore and fables. Before they were ever committed to parchment, Buddhist monks used these oral narratives to bridge the gap between complex philosophy and everyday life. The enduring popularity of these tales is etched into history; vivid scenes are still seen on the ancient stone carvings of the Bharhut and Sanchi Stupas (Madhya Pradesh). 

Mirrors of Morality 

In these stories, the Buddha appears in many forms — a courageous deer, a clever monkey, or a selfless hare. By imbuing animals with human virtues and flaws, the Jataka Tales serve as a mirror for our own behaviour. These characters allow us to reflect on greed, kindness, and bravery without feeling judged. 

Structurally, each tale connects the past with the present. A dilemma in the Buddha’s current life is resolved by recounting a relevant past-life experience. This narrative style illustrates the concept of karma not as a rigid law, but as a natural flow where every action has an echo. 

Lessons Beyond Words 

The power of the Jataka Tales lies in their ability to teach without preaching. Instead of giving direct instructions, they invite us to think, feel, and understand. We see choices being made, we see their consequences, and we slowly begin to shape our own sense of right and wrong. This is especially important today. In a fast-moving world filled with information, stories still have the power to slow us down and help us reflect. 

A Living Legacy 

Today, these stories transcend their ancient origins, appearing in different forms from carvings and paintings at Ajanta caves to comics and digital media. On Buddha Purnima, revisiting these tales is an act of reconnection. In a time when the world feels uncertain, these stories offer a gentler way of looking at life — one that values kindness over gain, responsibility over convenience, and connection over control.  

They remind us that the simplest stories — about animals in ancient forests — often hold the precise wisdom we need to navigate the complexities of the modern world. 

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As the month of Ramzan comes to an end, Muslim communities across India and the world are preparing to end their month-long fasts. The month of Ramzan culminates with Eid, a day of celebrations and togetherness. 

Ramzan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a calendar that follows the lunar cycle rather than the solar one. During the month of Ramzan, the Muslim community fasts from dawn to dusk, eating before first light and then only after the sun has set. The fast is not just about giving up food and water but is seen as a way to become closer to God. It invites self-reflection and is a time to practice self-control, patience and kindness. The fast and hunger also invite one to reflect upon those less privileged, who live with hunger not just for a month, but all year round. Thus, during this time, many people believe in giving to charity so that others can also experience the comfort of a full meal and a festive home. 

The day of Eid marks the end of the month of Ramzan and period of fasting. As the new month draws nearer, people look out for the first crescent moon of the next month. If the moon is sighted after sunset, it is announced that the next day will be Eid. If the moon is not seen due to clouds or other conditions, the community completes thirty days of fasting and Eid is celebrated the day after. Because this depends on local moon sighting and different religious authorities, the exact date of Eid can sometimes vary from country to country. 

In India, the excitement for Eid begins before the moon is even sighted, with streets glowing with lights, excited young children, and seasonal markets selling delicacies. Once the crescent moon is sighted, the day of Eid is declared, messages of “Eid Mubarak” are shared across families and friend groups, and homes begin their final round of cleaning and cooking for the big day. 

The day of Eid itself begins early, with families waking up before dawn, bathing, dressing in new clothes, and preparing for the special Eid namaz at the mosque. Before the namaz and expressing their faith, many families often set aside a ‘Zakat al‑Fitr’, a form of charity given so that those less fortunate can also celebrate with a good meal and new clothes. After the namaz, the atmosphere grows festive, as the air is filled with the feeling of happiness, peace and fulfilment. Families, friends and neighbours greet one another with “Eid Mubarak” and congratulate each other. The day quickly transforms into one of feasting and visiting, as communities come together to celebrate the festival.  

Eid and the month of Ramzan see many local markets, filled with all sorts of delicacies. In India, the exact menu changes from region to region, but a few favourites are almost universal: biryani fragrant with spices, kebabs, haleem in cities like Hyderabad, and rich meat curries like korma or nihari. Sweets are especially important — sewaiyyan (vermicelli) appears in different forms, from milky Sheer Kurma cooked with dates and dry fruits to Lachcha Sewai prepared with ghee and sugar. Phirni, a creamy rice pudding flavoured with cardamom and saffron, and Shahi Tukda, crisp fried bread soaked in thickened milk, are other much‑loved desserts that always make an appearance.  

For children, one of the most important parts of Eid is the Eidi, or money and small gifts given to the younger family members by elders as a sign of love, blessings and abundance. Much of the anticipation of Eid for children is the money they will get, and in the weeks before Eid, children can be heard speculating about the amount they will receive and plans for the purchases they will make. Cousins and friends compare their Eidi, decide what to buy, or pool it together for toys, books or a special outing. Throughout the day, doors stay open as relatives, neighbours and friends drop in to exchange greetings and be part of the joy. 

Eid marks the end of Ramzan, but it also carries forward the lessons of the month, the practice of self‑restraint, the habit of generosity, and the awareness of those who have less. 

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Most of us visualise Holi as a vibrant festival of colours. While it is true, there is more to the festival beyond colours. Come, let us dive into some regional flavours of Holi which would prompt us to look at the festival with a fresh pair of eyes. 

Manjal Kuli or Ukuli from Kerala: 

Amidst a festival of colours, Manjal Kuli becomes the celebration of a single hue. Holi is celebrated as Manjal Kuli (literally means “turmeric wash”) by the Konkani and Kudumbi communities in Kochi, Thrissur, and other coastal areas of Kerala. It is said that the Kudumbis who fled from Goa to Kerala in fear of religious persecution from Portuguese brought the tradition of Manjal Kuli with them. At the epicentre of the festival, the Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, Manjal Kuli is a celebration of the divine and fierce form of Goddess Bhadrakali, who beheaded the demon Daruka and offered his head to Lord Shiva.  

The temple courtyard turns into a gold-hued spectacle as people smear each other with turmeric water and the earthy scent that symbolises purity and renewal. The festivities also include rituals and folk songs that make the atmosphere spiritual and culturally vibrant. 

Doll Jatra or Doul Utsav from Assam:  

A festive and devotional experience at once, Holi is celebrated as Doll Jatra in the sattras of Assam, particularly in Barpeta and Bordowa. The tradition, initiated by Srimanta Sankardev, an Assamese saint-scholar and social reformer, centres around the playful romance of the divine couple, Lord Krishna and Radha. It is said that Krishna expressed his love for Radha in the forests of Vrindavan on the full moon day of Phalguna. 

In a festive procession, the idols of Lord Krishna and Radha are placed on decorated swings known as Doul and taken through the villages and sattras, accompanied by kirtans, prayers, and dances. Thousands of devotees join the procession, singing Holigeets , songs rooted in folk traditions and devotion, which make the atmosphere deeply spiritual. A unique feature of Doll Jatra is the offering of Abir, a fragrant powder made from crushed leaves and sandalwood. 

 Lathmar Holi from Uttar Pradesh: 

Not everyone celebrates Holi with just gulal and water balloons; some arrive with sticks and shields! In the twin towns of Barsana and Nandgaon in Uttar Pradesh, women come armed with lathis to greet men crouched behind wooden shields.  

More than a festival of colours, Lathmar Holi is a legend brought to life. It is said that Krishna often visited Nandgaon just to tease Radha. Being their spirited selves, Radha and the gopis would cheerfully chase him away — armed with bamboo sticks! This delightful episode has been kept alive through Lathmar Holi, a four-day celebration that begins several days before the actual day of Holi. One could easily mistake the scene for a fight, if not for the playfulness in the air, thick with vibrant pinks and blues, accompanied by loud chants. 

Kumaoni Holi from Uttarakhand: 

Soulful tunes echo from the mountains of Kumaon, marking the beginning of Kumaoni Holi. The celebration kicks off with the ritual of Cheer Bandhan, where the Cheer symbolises the bonfire in which the demoness Holika was burned while attempting to kill Prahlad, the asura prince. The cheer is made from a green Paiya tree (Himalayan cherry) that is guarded by the villagers through the course of the festival.  

The festival is celebrated in three distinct forms: While Baithki Holi is a musical gathering of men singing classical songs, Khadi Holi—the main day of the festival—witnesses Holiyars (traditional singers) moving from house to house in white attire, singing folk songs and dancing to the rhythm of musical instruments. Mahila Holi is celebrated by women who gather at one another’s homes to sing folk and devotional songs. The celebrations culminate with Cheer Dahan, the ceremonial burning of the Cheer on the eve of Holi, symbolising the triumph of Prahlad’s devotion over Holika’s malice. 

Hola Mohalla from Punjab: 

Clip-clop. Clip-clop. Clip-clop. The sound of galloping horses, accompanied by the revving of motorbikes. You may wonder what horses and motorbikes have to do with a festival like Holi. Well, they are central to the Holi celebrations at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab. Based on a tradition started by Guru Gobind Singhji, the tenth Sikh Guru, Hola Mohalla serves as an occasion of military preparedness for the Nihang Sikhs — a warrior order that fought the Mughal empire in the 18th century. 

Hola Mohalla is notable for spectacular displays of the Nihangs’ valiant spirit, including Gatka (mock battles), swordsmanship, horse-riding, tent-pegging, and other martial sports. A thoughtful tradition that blends artistic and martial spirits, traditional music and poetry competitions follow suit. The festival also includes the practice of langar (community kitchen), where devotees participate in the spirit of seva, or selfless service. 

Beneath the surface of what we see as colours, Holi is also a celebration of the swirling shades of its regional flavours. 

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Makar Sankranti marks a special moment in the Hindu calendar: the day Surya, the Sun God, begins his northward journey, known as Uttarayan. This celestial shift is deeply significant, symbolising the return of light, warmth, and hope. As the days lengthen, the harvest is gathered, and life moves toward renewal, making it an auspicious time celebrated across India with prayers, feasts, and festivals. 

In many parts of the country, particularly in western India, this reverence for the sun is celebrated in the sky itself. As Surya rises on Sankranti morning, rooftops fill with people, paper kites, and reels of string. Flying a kite becomes a vibrant way of greeting the Sun God—sending colour, joy, and gratitude upward. This beloved tradition has a long and layered history that spans centuries, regions, and cultures. 

A Journey from the East 

While the absolute origins of the kite are debated, most historical accounts credit China as the place where the kite first took shape. The earliest written reference dates back to 206 BCE, describing military uses—such as a kite flown to intimidate the army of Liu Pang, and later, General Han Hsing using one to calculate the distance for tunnelling beneath city walls for a siege in 169 BCE. 

As trade and cultural contact increased along routes like the Silk Route, kites travelled across regions, much like silk, paper, and ideas. They are believed to have reached the Indian subcontinent from the East, brought by Buddhist missionaries. From India, the practice is thought to have spread further west, reaching Arabia and Europe. 

Kites take root in India 

Within the subcontinent, kites (variously called gudi, vavadi, chagg, or patang) became deeply woven into cultural expression. They appeared not only during festivals but also in poetry, music, and storytelling. 

• In devotional poetry: The 13th century Marathi poet-saint, Namdev, mentioned gudi (kites made from kaagad or paper) in his gathas. 16th century poets Dasopant and Ekanath also wrote about kites, referring to them as vavadi. 

• In epic stories: The 17th century poet, Tulsidas, in his Ramcharitmanas, tells a playful tale of Rama’s kite (which he calls a chagg) flying all the way to Indralok, only to be retrieved by Hanuman. References to kites are also believed to be found in ancient texts like the Ramayana and the Vedas. 

Under the Mughals 

During the Mughal period, kite flying developed into a popular sport, particularly among the nobility. Designs were refined to improve balance and aerodynamics, and Mughal miniatures show both men and women flying kites from terraces. 

This period cemented the kite’s place in public celebration. A historic event—Emperor Jahangir returning to Delhi after exile—was celebrated by filling the sky with kites; an event remembered today as Phool Waalon ki Sair. In the 18th century, the word patang came to describe the finest fighting kites, replacing earlier names.

A Symbol of Freedom 

Beyond religious celebration and royal sport, the kite found its purpose in the spirit of Indian nationalism. During the struggle for independence, patriots cleverly used kites as airborne messengers of resistance. Kites were flown high over cities, bearing messages and slogans like “Simon, Go Back” (in reference to the Simon Commission of 1927). A simple piece of paper soaring freely became a powerful visual symbol of the nation’s own longing for sovereignty. This legacy is one reason why kite flying remains a strong tradition on Independence Day (August 15th), especially in parts of Old Delhi, embodying the joy of liberation and national freedom. 

A Living Tradition 

Kite flying remains a vibrant seasonal activity, closely linked to festivals like Makar Sankranti/Uttarayan, and in Punjab, to Basant Panchami and Baisakhi. 

Today, in western India, especially Gujarat, the tradition thrives. During the kite season, the celebratory cry of “Kai po che!” (I have cut the kite!) echoes across the rooftops. Gujarat celebrates this culture on a global scale through the International Kite Festival, launched in 1989. The state is also home to the Patang Kite Museum, which preserves rare historical kites and paintings. 

From its humble origins as a Chinese military tool and its starring role in the courts of the Mughals, the kite has flown across borders and ages to settle in the heart of Indian tradition. On Makar Sankranti, when these handcrafted wings take flight across the subcontinent, they become a timeless symbol: carrying the hope of the new harvest, the joy of the sun’s return, and the enduring wonder of India’s cultural sky. 

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Christmas in India is a mix of vibrant lights, carols, and family gatherings that light up late winter nights. It blends global faith with local cultures and warmth. Going beyond carols and Santa Claus, it wraps around our streets with processions, community feasts, and midnight masses that draw in people from every corner, turning faith into a warm, shared feeling of joy and peace, no matter where you are. From the misty hills to coastal towns, churches light up as the real heartbeat of it all, each one carrying stories that make the season feel so unique. 

Malankara Church, Kerala 

In Kerala, the Malankara Church is shaped by ancient St Thomas Christian traditions. It traces its history back to 52 A.D., when St Thomas is believed to have landed on the Malabar coast, linking the shores of Kerala to ancient Syria. One of the most striking traditions is a procession followed by the Christmas bonfire, known as ‘Thee-Jwala Shushrusha’, held outside the church. The streets are filled with colour as processions with figurines of baby Jesus and nativity scenes pass by. It is believed that baby Jesus must be brought inside from the cold to keep him warm, and the ceremonial fire is lit and blessed as the congregation and choir gathers to sing hymns and carols in ancient Aramaic, Malayalam and English.  

The Syro-Malabar Christians also follow a period of fasting or austerity in the 25 days leading up to Christmas, similar to the observance of Lent before Easter. These celebrations show how customs from around the world have been adapted to local cultures.   

Velankanni Church, Tamil Nadu 

Also known as the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, due to the healing properties believed to be dispensed by Mother Mary here, Velankanni Church in Tamil Nadu is a blend of cultural expression, similar to St Thomas Church in Palayur. The church features soaring white gothic towers, blended with Indian styles of architecture that give it a look unlike any other church. The statue of Mother Mary housed here is adorned in a shimmering saree and gold jewellery rather than usual depictions of her in a tunic and cloak. Pilgrims flock here year-round, but Christmas amps up the fervour. The congregation comes together with hymns and local folk tunes. 

Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa 

More than 400 years old, the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa is a UNESCO world heritage site. It houses the preserved body of St Francis Xavier, who was said to have miraculous healing powers. The basilica has ornate gilded interiors and an imposing exterior, which is lit up for Christmas. It is a time when children enact the nativity, and the congregation gathers in hushed silence to witness the miracle of Christ’s birth.  

St Paul’s Cathedral, Kolkata 

Built in 1847, St Paul’s cathedral is a unique fusion of architectural styles, featuring not only Indo-gothic elements but also Islamic domes and Victorian era features, a blend of local masonry and British blueprints. Having been built in the British colonial era, it is a true confluence of cultures. The cathedral and its massive stained-glass windows are decorated and lit up to reflect the holiday cheer. Churchgoers throng to midnight mass, as choirs sing ethereal carols, hymns, and songs. Not just the church, but the entire area reflects the festive mood of the season.  

This season transforms cities and villages alike, with decorations popping up in markets and streets across India. Families exchange gifts, share hearty meals and head to church for services that mix English hymns with local tunes. It is a time when churches become the heart of the festivities, each one weaving its own thread into the country’s colourful tapestry. 

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December is here, and so is Christmas, our favourite winter day of the year. Food and stories are the important ingredients that connect us in a celebration. Let us explore how different Indian regions celebrate Christmas with their unique festive foods. 

Bebinca 

According to legend, a Portuguese nun named ‘Sister Bebiana’ from Santa Monica Convent, Old Goa, used the excess of leftover egg yolks to create a seven-layered cake. Each layer represented the seven hills of Old Goa and Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Taking the priests’ suggestion, Bebiana added a dozen layers to her cake instead of seven. The dessert came to be known as ‘Bebinca’, named after her. Today, Bebinca is a multi-layered cake, made with up to 16 layers. As making this cake requires a lot of patience, many Goan families reserve Bebinca for special celebrations, such as weddings and Christmas.  

Gajrela or Carrot Pudding 

Around the 16th-century, in Mughal India, Gajar ka Halwa (Carrot Pudding) was made as a rich, milk-and-ghee-based winter dish. It was created to celebrate the harvest of vibrant red winter carrots, which are available in North India during the month of December. Known as Gajrela in Punjab, grated carrots are slow cooked in sugar, milk, cardamom, and heaps of ghee, with khoya, or mawa, a kind of soft cheese, folded in for texture at the end. Gajrela is now enjoyed as a warm, aromatic food during the cold Christmas in Punjab, making it a favourite across the region.  

Plum Cake 

In 1880, a trader from Thalassery in Kerala, Mambally Bapu, returned home after he learnt the art of making biscuits in Burma. In 1883, during Christmas time, a British planter named Murdoch Brown brought a British Plum cake with him and asked Bapu to replicate it. Bapu accepted the challenge and baked a plum cake, but added arrack, a local brew made from cashews, apples, and Kadalipazham, a type of banana, to the batter. Brown tasted Bapu’s cake and loved the dish. Since then, plum cakes have become deeply associated with Christmas celebrations in Kerala and are widely enjoyed by the local community. 

Smoked Pork Curry  

In Nagaland, smoked pork holds deep cultural importance and is especially significant during Christmas. The traditional practice of smoking meat began as a way to preserve pork during the cold winter months. Over time, it became a cherished culinary tradition passed down through generations. Today, smoked pork curry is an essential part of Christmas celebrations, symbolising warmth, togetherness, and sharing food with family and community. It is commonly eaten with steamed rice and enjoyed alongside tea or locally brewed drinks. 

Roast Duck 

Did you know that ‘Boro Din’ (Big Day) is a popular Bengali name for Christmas in Kolkata? During British colonial rule, many Anglo-Indian communities were formed in West Bengal. They followed British traditions, including roasting poultry for Christmas. Ducks were used as they were more readily available in the Bengal wetlands than turkeys. Over time, most people added their own touch by including spices like cinnamon, ginger, and red chilli powder to the roast duck and paired it with fragrant yellow rice (pulao) or roasted vegetables, passing the recipe down through generations. So, Roast Duck has an important place in the community’s Christmas feasts in Kolkata, even today. 

This year let’s enjoy the flavours of Christmas along with the stories attached to it. In the end, that’s what makes the moment truly special. 

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In the mist-covered hills of Meghalaya, two vibrant festivals bring communities together in joyful thanksgiving during the first few weeks of November — Wangala of the Garo people and Nongkrem of the Khasi tribe. Both celebrations honour the harvest, the land, and the spirits of nature — yet each has its own distinctive rituals, music, and meaning. 

Wangala – The Hundred Drums of the Garos 

Wangala is the major post-harvest festival of the Garo tribe, also known as the ‘Hundred Drums’ festival. It is dedicated to the sun-god Misi Saljong (also called Pattigipa Ra’rongipa), who is believed to bless a rich harvest. Typically celebrated between September and December, the festival marks the end of the agricultural year and the onset of winter. 

The celebration begins with the ritual Rugala, performed inside the village chief’s house, where offerings such as cooked rice, vegetables, and rice beer are made. On the following day, known as Kakkat, the public festivities begin with energetic drumming and dance. Men beat long, oval-shaped drums, women form parallel lines in colourful traditional attire, and flute-like instruments play alongside gongs and horns. 

One of the most striking features of Wangala is how young and old come together in celebration — children, adults, and elders all join in the drumming, dancing, and community rituals. Through rhythm and movement, the Garos express gratitude, community identity, and the unity of nature and human labour. 

Nongkrem – A Sacred Dance of Thanksgiving 

Nongkrem (often written as Pomblang Nongkrem) is one of the most important festivals of the Khasi tribe. It is held at Smit, the cultural centre of the Khyrim Hima (indigenous kingdom) near Shillong, in November. 

The festival spans several days and involves sacred ceremonies led by the Syiem (traditional Khasi chief) and the high priestess. The key ritual is the Pomblang sacrifice (usually of a goat) offered to the deity Lei Shyllong — the guardian spirit of Shillong Peak — and to the ancestors of the ruling clan. 

Once the rituals conclude, the rhythmic Nongkrem dance begins. Young Khasi women dressed in brilliant silk and wearing gold ornaments move gracefully to the beat of drums, while men holding swords and yak-hair whisks step up the rhythm with vigorous steps. The music of the tangmuri (a traditional pipe instrument) fills the air as the community expresses joy, unity, and gratitude. 

Nongkrem, thus blends devotion, heritage, and celebration — reinforcing the cultural identity of the Khasi people and their deep connection with the land. 

One Spirit, Many Songs 

Though Wangala and Nongkrem are celebrated by two different tribes, both festivals share a common heartbeat — one of gratitude, togetherness, and reverence for nature. Each dance step, drumbeat, and ritual reflects the people’s enduring bond with their environment and their ancestors.  

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Every year on November 14, India celebrates Children’s Day to honour the joy and imagination that children bring into the world. Did you know that Children’s Day, or Bal Diwas used to be celebrated on 20th November until 1964? After the death of India’s first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, his birth anniversary was chosen as the date for Children’s Day, due to his fondness for children.   

This Children’s Day, we turned to the greatest storytellers of all — children themselves. (Please scroll past the banner to read more)

We asked them to imagine, dream and share their thoughts about heroes, worlds and stories that inspire them. Here’s a compilation of a few of our favourite responses:

1.If you could switch places with a character from Indian mythology or history, who would it be? 

I think I would like to be Arjuna, the true disciple of Shri Krishna. His moment of doubt and awakening in the Bhagavad Gita teaches the power of courage, clarity, and duty. I connect with how he learns to listen within, understand life’s purpose, and act with both strength and compassion. 

– Ishaan, 14, Delhi  

Savitribai Phule – Saanvi, 10, Pune;   

Swami Vivekanada – Hrishikesh, 12, Mumbai;   

Ahalya – Cara, 12, Dubai;  

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – Manassvi, 7, Mumbai;  

Saraswati – Riddhi, 9, Ernakulum;  

2.  If you could have an animal as your best friend, which animal would you pick and why? 

Elephant, because elephants are bold, strong, brave, and they never forget. 

– Hrishikesh, 12, Mumbai 

Unicorn, because I would like to ride it and its horn has healing powers. 

– Manassvi, 7, Mumbai 

I would definitely choose a Galapagos Tortoise because then, my companion will last my lifetime (the average age of Galapagos is 177 years). I also would not need to run around much when I am old since the tortoise is slow. And maybe I can also learn how to enjoy a slow peaceful life from my companion. 

– Reyansh, 9, Jalandhar 

Scooby Doo, because he’s a funny talking dog and loves to eat. 

– Cara, 12, Dubai 

3. If you were to create a fantasy world, what 3 things would there be in it?  

Angry apples, houses built on clouds, and ants the size of houses and lots more. 

– Nikhil, 8, Bengaluru 

Inter-terrestrial aeroplanes, mobile phones to talk to aliens, and a magical coat to become invisible. 

-Yash, 10, Bengaluru 

Animals speaking human language., mountains and forest making imaginary straight roads for smooth traffic, humans flying. 

-Tarrinni, 11, Gurgaon 

4. If your life was a book, what would you title it?  

‘Nikhil the Boss’ 

– Nikhil, 8, Bengaluru 

‘The Girl Who Kept Going’ 

– Cara, 12, Dubai 

‘My Young Age Atrocities’ 

– Ananya, 11, Trichy 

5. If you could make a comic about anything, what would it be?  

The comic would be titled ‘Keepers of the Green Flame’. In a world where nature is fading, a group of children and magical creatures rise to protect the Green Flame, the spirit of the planet. It glows only when kindness and care for nature thrive. The story shows that every act of love towards Earth keeps its flame alive. 

– Ishaan, 14, Delhi 

A fantasy world full of surprises. 

– Saanvi, 10, Pune 

I would make a comic about the polar express coming to life and saving Christmas from corporate companies. 

– Hrishikesh, 12, Mumbai 

6. How would you best like to celebrate Children’s Day?  

I will celebrate with orphans and homeless children so that they can feel special on the day. 

– Saanvi, 10, Pune 

Have a ‘Yes Day’ where adults have to say yes to everything children ask for. 

– Nikhil, 8, Bengaluru 

I would want everyone to think and approach people like a child and give gifts to all children. It should be celebrated with family. 

– Izabel, 12, Dubai 

The whole day I would have fun, eating and lazing around. 

–Riddhi, 9, Ernakulam 

Thank you to all the children who shared their thoughts and dreams with us. Your ideas remind us that every story begins with imagination – and that the future of storytelling is bright in your hands. Happy Children’s Day! 

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